Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim…
Last Tuesday, I was from Indragiri Hulu Sub-District, Riau Province. to check GCP (Ground Control Point) and existing Land Use Land Cover…
I have a special gift to you…enjoy it…
Distribusi Titik Ikat (Ground Control Point). Citra Satelit SPOT5 Indragiri Hulu. Natural Color Resolution 5m
Pelalawan Sub-District
Go towards Indragiri Hulu Sub-District
Inside rubber plantation
Sranggi bridge
End of road
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim
Before we flight we must prepare all. First thing is prepare your self (pray to Allah SWT is a must), your survey and mapping equipments (vehicle, plane, camera, etc), and the most important thing is Security Clearance for Survey and Mapping from Department of Defense The Republic of Indonesia. Before we flight we must have flight planning map, like this one.
Flight Planning Map
Vehicle: Plane
Type/Size/Capacity: CESSNA T – 207
Captain: Capt. Rahayu Kuntardi / Capt. Ibnu Safari
Other air crew:
|
Name |
Nationality |
Expertise |
|
Otong Nahdudin |
Indonesia |
Cameraman |
|
M. Rahrul K.A |
Indonesia |
Cameraman |
|
Bambang Hidayat |
Indonesia |
Cameraman |
|
Fatwa Ramdani |
Indonesia |
Remote sensing |
|
Wahyudi Firdaus |
Indonesia |
Processing |
|
Asep Saepudin |
Indonesia |
Processing |
|
|
|
|
Technical landing: Halim Perdanakusuma, Jakarta
Commercial landing: Sultan Syarif Kasim II, Riau
Survey Equipment:
Medium Format Camera
Merk: Hasselblad
Type: H2
Gyro Mounting
GPS Geodetic
Area of Survey: Kampar Sub district, Riau Province
Date of survey: October to November 2008
Before all, we have to make Benchmark or Ground Control Point for Orthorectification processing, and horizon control point with minimal three baseline, so strenght of figure (accuracy and assessment) could completed.
Example: USGS Benchmark
Explanatory diagram of the air flights.
To obtain air photography, which is at the base of cartographic work, flights must be defined and prepared. In fact, this activity deals with designing flight plans. The choice of the reference levels, flight altitude and the distance between the flight axes is fundamental, since this will, in fact, determine how successful the shots are at the desired scale. As a consequence, particular care is given to this task. Finally, in order to take advantage of the stereoscopic effect (binocular vision), a minimum overlap of the photographs in the flight path and between paths must be guaranteed. The photographs taken are 23 x 23 cm black and white, and natural color prints, at a scale of 1: 5,700.
Marking the terrain consists of placing markings such as paint crosses at the beginning and the end of the flight axes before the flight actually takes place. These markings will be visible on the air photography. The measured points are made by a rivet placed in the centre of a painted marking in the shape of a 30 x 30 cm square and framed by rectangular blades measuring 30 to 50 cm by 10 to 20 cm. These points are measured using the GPS technique which makes it possible to determine the positioning of these points with great accuracy (to the centimeter). The coordinates of the measured network of points are expressed in World Geodetic Datum 1984 NUTM 47. These markers are used as support for aerial triangulation.
Camera Bag
Inside Bag
Camera
GPS Geodetics
Studio
To be continue…Life from the air…(Part 2. The Fligths and Postprocessing)
Get The Top
World War II
World War II brought about tremendous growth and recognition to the field of aerial photography that continues to this day. In 1938, the chief of the German General Staff, General Werner von Fritsch, stated, “The nation with the best photoreconnaissance will win the war.” By 1940, Germany led the world in photoreconnaissance. However, after von Fritsch’s death the quality of German photointelligence declined. When the United States entered the War in 1941, it basically had no experience in military photointerpretation. By the end of the War, it had the best photointerpretation capacity of any nation in the world. In 1945, Admiral J. F. Turner, Commander of American Amphibious Forces in the Pacific, stated that, “Photographic reconnaissance has been our main source of intelligence in the Pacific. Its importance cannot be overemphasized.”
A review of the numerous applications of aerial photoreconnaissance and interpretation during World War II cannot be adequately covered in this instructional module. Thus, just one example will be provided. Peenemunde, the German experimental station for rocket and jet plane development, was located on the Baltic Coast and in 1937 Wernher von Braun and his rocket team were moved to Peenemunde. It was here that after six years of hard work von Braun and hsi team developed the A-4. On October 3, 1942 the A-4 was successfully launched reaching an altitude of sixty miles. It was the world’s first launch of a ballistic missile and the first rocket ever to go into the fringes of space. In 1943 the A-4 was ordered into production and renamed the V-2. Shortly thereafter, V-2 rockets were launched against England.
In late 1942 the British Secret Intelligence Service was informed about a new rocket being developed at Peenemunde. An aerial photoreconnaissance plane was sent on June 23, 1943 and obtained the first photo of the V-2 rocket (Figure 18). This aerial photo shows Test Stand VII at the German Testing Center with a V2 rocket on its trailer inside of the test firing area. It also shows possible anti-aircraft gun positions on top of an adjacent building. On August 17 and 18, 1943 the British sent its bombers to Peenemunde and rather than bombing the facility in general, precise targets were selected based on the excellent aerial photography previously obtained. After the bombing a second aerial photoreconnaissance plane was sent to gain photography for assessing the amount of damage (Figure 19).
FIGURES 19: Photo (right) taken after bombing raid.
FIGURES 18: Photo (left) taken June 23, 1943 of the V-2 test lunch site at Peenemunde
1950’s
During the 1950’s, aerial photography continued to evolve from work started during World War II and the Korean War. Color-infrared became important in identifying different vegetation types and detecting diseased and damaged vegetation. Multispectral imagery, that is images taken at the same time but in different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, was being tested for different applications. Radar technology moved along two paralleling paths, side-looking air-borne radar (SLAR) and synthetic aperature radar (SAR). Westinghouse and Texas Instruments did most of this work for the United States Air Force.
Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union grew during the 1950’s with the Cold War. The United States needed to know how many missiles, planes, and other military hardware the Soviet Union had and where it was located. Conventional military planes could not fly over the Soviet Union without being shot down and satellite technology had not yet been developed. In the mid-1950’s Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson at Lockheed’s “Skunk Works” in Burbank, CA built the U-2 (Figure 20) for the CIA, under the code-name AQUATONE. President Eisenhower authorized Operation OVERFLIGHT — covert reconnaissance missions over the Soviet Union — after the Soviets flatly rejected his Open Skies plan, which would have allowed aircraft from both countries to openly overfly each other’s territory. For five years the U-2’s cameras took photos of ICBM testing sites and air bases within the Soviet Union, flying at over 70,000 feet, which put the plane out of reach. The aerial photography from the plane proved that no bomber or missile gap existed between the United States and the Soviet Union as was previously suspected. Finally, on May 1, 1960, a U-2 was shot down and the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was arrested and sent to prison in the Soviet Union. Although the U-2 continues to be used throughout the world for a wide variety of purposes, this event symbolizes the beginning of the use of satellites to look at conditions on the Earth’s surface and the establishment of the term, “Remote Sensing.”
FIGURE 20: A U-2 landing.
The End…..
Source: Professor Paul R. Baumann
Department of Geography
State University of New York
See you next on “Life from the air”….
INTRODUCTION:
Remote sensing deals with the art and science of observing and measuring items on the Earth’s surface from a distance. By this definition remote sensing encompasses the field of aerial photography. The term, “remote sensing,” was first introduced in 1960 by Evelyn L. Pruitt of the U.S. Office of Naval Research. However, the first aerial photograph was taken in 1858, 102 years before the term “remote sensing” came into existence. Long before satellites and microcomputers started dominating the field of remote sensing, people were taking pictures of the Earth’s surface from afar. Taking these pictures was not an easy task and people risked their lives to bring about the development of the field. To appreciate what was involved, a brief history of aerial photography is provided in this unit.
Once a technique was established for taking pictures, an adequate aerial platform was needed for taking aerial photographs. The only platforms available at the time were balloons and kites. In 1858, Gaspard Felix Tournachon (later known as “Nadar”) captured the first recorded aerial photograph from a balloon tethered over the Bievre Valley. However, the results of his initial work were apparently destroyed. On the other hand his early efforts were preserved in a caricature (Figure 3) prepared by Honoré Daunier for the May 25, 1862 issue of Le Boulevard. Nadar continued his various endeavors to improve and promote aerial photography. In 1859, he contacted the French Military with respect to taking “military photos” for the French Army’s campaign in Italy and preparing maps from aerial photographs. In 1868 he ascended several hundred feet in a tethered balloon to take oblique photographs of Paris (Figure 5).
On October 13, 1860, James Wallace Black, accompanied by Professor Sam King, ascended to an altitude of 1200 feet in King’s balloon and photographed portions of the city of Boston (Figure 4). A cable held the balloon in place. Black, the photographer, made eight exposures of which only one resulted in a reasonable picture. This is the oldest conserved aerial photograph. He worked under difficult conditions with the balloon, which although tethered, was constantly moving. Combined with the slow speed of the photographic materials being used it was hard to get a good exposure without movement occurring. He also used wet plates and had to prepare them in the balloon before each exposure. After descending to take on more supplies, King and Black went up again with the idea of not only covering Boston but also recording the surrounding countryside. However, they encountered other problems. As they rose, the hydrogen expanded causing the neck of the balloon to open more. This resulted in the gas flowing down on their equipment and turning the plates black and useless. In addition, the balloon took off and they landed in some high bushes in Marshfield, Massachusetts, about thirty miles away from their beginning point. It was obvious that the balloon possessed problems in being an aerial platform.
FIGURES 4: Black’s 1860 photo of Boston
FIGURES 5: Nadar’s 1868 photo of Paris
M.Arthur Batut (Figure 6a) took the first aerial photographs using a kite. It was taken over Labruguiere, France in the late 1880s. The camera, attached directly to the kite, had an altimeter that encoded the exposure altitude on the film allowing scaling of the image Figure 6c). A slow burning fuse, responding to a rubber band-driven device, actuated the shutter within a few minutes after the kite was launched. A small flag dropped once the shutter was released to indicate that it was time to bring down the kite. Batut took his first aerial photograph in May 1888. However, due to the shutter speed being too slow, the image was not very clear (Figure 6b). After some modification to the thickness of the rubber band a good shutter speed was obtained.
figure-6a
figure-6b
figure 6c: Batut, his first aerial photograph taken over Labruguiere, France, and his kite with camera mounted in the middle
In 1906, George R. Lawrence took oblique aerial pictures of San Francisco after the earthquake and fires (Figure 8). Using between nine and seventeen large kites to lift a huge camera (49 pounds) he took some of the largest exposures (about 48 x 122 cm or 18 x 48 in.) ever obtained from an aerial platform. His camera was designed so that the film plate curved in back and the lens fitted low on the front, providing panorama images (Figure 7a). The camera was lifted to a height of approximately 2,000 feet and an electric wire controlled the shutter to produce a negative. Lawrence designed his own large-format cameras and specialized in aerial views. He used ladders or high towers to photograph from above. In 1901 he shot aerial photographs from a cage attached to a balloon. One time, at more than 200 feet above Chicago, the cage tore from the balloon, and Lawrence and his camera fell to the ground. Fortunately telephone and telegraph wires broke his fall; he landed unharmed. He continued to use balloons until he developed his method for taking aerial views with cameras suspended from unmanned kites, a safer platform from his perspective. He developed a means of flying Conyne kites in trains and keeping the camera steady under varying wind conditions. This system he named the ‘Captive Airship’ (Figure 7b).
figure-7a
figure-7b
figure-8
In 1903, Julius Neubranner, photography enthusiast, designed and patented a breast-mounted aerial camera for carrier pigeons (Figure 10). Weighing only 70 grams the camera took automatic exposures at 30-second intervals along the flight line flown by a pigeon. Although faster than balloons they were not always reliable in following their flight paths. The birds were introduced at the 1909 Dresden International Photographic Exhibition. Picture postcards of aerial photographs taken over the exhibition were very popular. They were used at other fairs and for military surveillance. Two sample pictures are provided below (Figure 9a-b). One can see in the one picture the tips of the bird’s wings as it flew across a palace.
figure-9a
figure-9b
In order for the pigeons to carry such small cameras and take several pictures in one flight, a new type film and a smaller camera system were needed. In the 1870s, George Eastman, born in the rural community of Waterville in upstate New York, was an accountant in Rochester. After working five years in a bank, he became bored with the monotony of the job. In 1878, he decided to take a vacation to the island of Santo Domingo and re-evaluate his life. To record his trip he acquired a wet-plate camera outfit. However, he found the camera and assorted darkroom equipment to be cumbersome and bulky. He would need a small wagon to carry all of the materials and equipment, an arrangement not suited for taking pictures on one’s vacation. He soon forgot about the trip to Santo Domingo and became intrigued with the idea of developing a better film and camera system.
figure-10
In 1879, Eastman discovered the formula for making a successful gelatin emulsion covered dry-plate and built a machine for coating dry plates with the emulsion. These developments led to the invention of rolled paper film. The resulting prints were sharp, clear and free from paper grain distortion. In 1889, his company, Kodak, introduced flexible celluloid film and the popularity of photography soared. He now needed a camera to take advantage of the new film. In 1900, outfitted with a simple lens and the ability to handle rolled film, the one-dollar Kodak box camera, called the Brownie, made Kodak and photography almost synonymous. Eastman had not only revolutionized the field of photography but set the stage for new developments in the field of aerial photography. His work was shortly followed in 1903 by the Wright Brothers’ first successful flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft. Another type of aerial platform was available.
figure-11
figure-12
World War I
At the beginning of World War I the military on both sides of the conflict saw the value of using the airplane for reconnaissance work but did not fully appreciate the potential of aerial photography. Initially, aerial observers, flying in two-seater airplanes with pilots, did aerial reconnaissance by making sketch maps and verbally conveying conditions on the ground. They reported on enemy positions, supplies, and movements; however, some observers tended to exaggerate or misinterpret conditions. In some cases, their observations were based on looking at the wrong army. From above, identifying one soldier from another was not easy. One time a German observer indicated that an English unit was running around in great disarray and appeared to be in a state of panic. The English were playing soccer.
Some English observers started using cameras to record enemy positions and found aerial photography easier and more accurate than sketching and observing (Figure 12). The aerial observer became the aerial photographer (Figure 11). Soon all of the nations involved in the conflict were using aerial photography. The maps used by both sides in the Battle of Neuve-Chappelle in 1915 were produced from aerial photographs. By the end of the war the Germans and the British were recording the entire front at least twice a day. Both countries possess up-to-date records of their enemy’s trench construction (Figure 13). England estimated that its reconnaissance planes took one-half million photographs during the war, and Germany calculated that if all of its aerial photographs were arranged side by side, they would cover the country six times. The war brought major improvements in the quality of cameras; photographs taken at 15,000 feet (4,572 meters) could be blown up to show footprints in the mud.
In addition to Fairchild’s and Goddard’s accomplishments between World War I and World War II,several other significant developments occurred within the field of remote sensing during this period. These developments are outlined below.
To be continue……
HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING, AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY (Part 2. Period World War II-1960)
Source: Professor Paul R. Baumann
Department of Geography
State University of New York
Image Geocoding
Many times, raster image data is supplied in a “raw” state and contains geometric errors. Whenever accurate area, direction, and distance measurements are required, raw image data must usually be processed to remove geometric errors and/or rectify the image to a real world coordinate system.
• Registration is the process of geometrically aligning images to allow them to be superimposed or overlaid.
• Rectification is the process of geometrically correcting raster images so they correspond to real world map projections and coordinate systems (such as Latitude/Longitude or Eastings/Northings).
• Orthorectification is a more accurate method of rectification because it takes into account terrain and sensor (camera) calibration details. Advanced orthorectification also uses platform position information.
A ground control point (GCP) is a point on the earth’s surface where both image coordinates (measured in rows and columns) and map coordinates (measured in degrees of latitude and longitude, meters, or feet) can be identified. Rectification is the process of using GCPs to transform the geometry of an image so that each pixel corresponds to a position in a real world coordinate system (such as Latitude/Longitude or Eastings/Northings). This process is sometimes called “warping” or “rubbersheeting” because the image data are stretched or compressed as needed to align with a real world map grid or coordinate system.
Example: Jl. Anggrek Komp. Sukamenak Indah Blok E No.7, Bandung
Geocoding in GIS
Geocoding is the process of finding associated geographic coordinates (often expressed as latitude and longitude) from other geographic data, such as street addresses, or zip codes (postal codes). With geographic coordinates the features can be mapped and entered into Geographic Information Systems.
A simple method of geocoding is address interpolation. This method makes use of data from a street geographic information system where the street network is already mapped within the geographic coordinate space. Each street segment is attributed with address ranges (e.g. house numbers from one segment to the next). Geocoding takes an address, matches it to a street and specific segment (such as a block, in towns that use the “block” convention). Geocoding then interpolates the position of the address, within the range along the segment.
Example: Let’s say that this segment (with + symbol) Jalan Anggrek Komp. Sukamenak Indah Blok E No.7, Bandung. You must give correct information about this address and its location in this segment. Such as id, street address, no, block, zip code, owner, and its relationship.
Example: Jl. Anggrek Komp. Sukamenak Indah Blok E No.7, Bandung
Uses
Geocoded locations are useful in many GIS analysis and cartography tasks. Geocoding is common on the web, for services like finding driving directions to or from some address, or finding a list of the geographically nearest store or service locations. Do you know GPS application in Nokia cell phone or Google Earth?
Example: Geocoding in Google Earth
Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim…
Now I want to share about aerial photography.
Aerial photographs have been a main source of information about what is at the Earth’s surface almost since the beginning of aviation more than 100 years ago. Until space imagery, these photos were the principal means by which maps are made of features and spatial relationships on the surface. Cartography, the technology of mapping, depends largely on aerial/satellite photos/images to produce maps in two dimensions or three. Aerial photos are obtained using mapping cameras that are usually mounted in the nose or underbelly of an aircraft that then flies in discrete patterns or swathes across the area to be surveyed.
This type uses separate lenses, each with its own narrow band color filter, that are opened simultaneously to expose a part of the film inside the camera. Here is one such camera for use in aerial photography.used by PT. Zasuko Info join Karvak Nusa Geomatica in its remote sensing programs:
Aerial photos are taken from a variety of platforms: airplanes; helicopters; unmanned drones; balloons; kites; tall buildings. For the most common platform – airplanes – most cameras are mounted in the underside of the aircraft. Propeller or JetProp aircraft are preferred, for two reasons: 1) they fly slower, allowing easier film advance; 2) they cost less to operate. This photo shows two such aircraft used by PT. Zasuko Info join Karvak Nusa Geomatica in its remote sensing programs:
Below picture show us another platform in aerial photography
TLS System Outside. Source:www.photogrammetry.ethz.ch
The TLS Camera is equipped with a stabilizer and mounted together on an arm outside an aircraft in case of a helicopter
Camera in cabin
Four CCD line sensor packages are placed parallel to each other into the focal plane of the camera lens system. Three packages (out of the four) serve as forward, nadir and backward viewing sensors. Each of them consists of three line sensors, generating R (Red), G (Green) and B (Blue) images to be combined into color images. In addition, there is another CCD package for a near infrared (NIR) image between the backward and the nadir CCD packages. Each line sensor can produce a high-resolution, two-dimensional image during the flight, generating 10 images in total and simultaneously, which overlap 100% with each other
Without Stabilizer and With Stabilizer
Another placement of camera in aerial photography, in case helicopter.
3D Aerial Image
In 3D aerial photography, we look image in three dimension.
Low view on rendered 3d model, with filled line style and aerial-photo textures draped on top.
Isometric view with the 3d buildings on top of the aerial photo. The models can be switched on or off by demand
Close view with all the textures very well visible
All the details are measured with an accuracy around the 6 cm in Z-axis
Image source : www.photogrammetry.eu
Digital Photogrammetry
The digital, or soft copy, photogrammetry systems are much simpler in design than the analytical systems; they consist of a computer with a stereo-capable graphics system, 3-D glasses with electronic shutters, and a “3-D mouse” as a user interface. The 3-D mouse is a reconfigured optical mouse with x, y, and z motion control and several user-configurable buttons. All other hardware of an analytical system has been replaced with software programming, alleviating the problems with mechanical devices wearing out or needing adjustments to stay within close tolerances.
Digital or “soft copy” photogrammetry workstation using VrTwo software, showing stereo glasses and “3-D mouse”. Source: pubs.usgs.gov
An aerial photo is just a black and white (b & w) or color “picture” of an area on the Earth’s surface (plus clouds), either on print or in a transparency, obtained by a film or digital camera located above that surface. This camera shoots the picture from a free-flying platform (airplane, helicopter, kite or balloon) some preplanned distance above the surface. Two types depend on the angle of view relative to the surface. The first, oblique photography, snaps images from a low to high angle relative to vertical. The example below is the most common type (high oblique)
SUNRISE GLACIER at MISSION MOUNTAINS. Collected by helicopter
Screenshot showing geologic features digitized on the 3-D photographic surface in VrTwo software. Source: pubs.usgs.gov
Natural Color 1:24.000
Color IR 1:8.000
Hope you enjoy this blog and increase your knowledge about Geo-Spatial Technology…
The HRS instrument mounted on the satellite, next to the VEGETATION instrument
Operating principle and optical path
The HRS instrument is designed to acquire images in the panchromatic band at viewing angles of 20° forward and aft of the satellite. It can thus obtain stereopair images quickly to generate digital elevation models.
HRS uses the same pushbroom scanning technique as HRG
HRS instrument architecture
The HRS instrument consists of:
The HRS instrument during integration in October 2000
The cocoon maintains the instrument's components within the required temperature range.
HRS instrument during tests
Source: http://spot5.cnes.fr/
Technical data
|
HRS technical data |
|
|
Mass |
90 kg |
|
Power |
128 W |
|
Dimensions |
1×1,3×0,4 m |
|
Field of view |
+/- 4° |
|
Focal lenght |
0.580 m |
|
Detectors per line |
12000 |
|
Detector pitch |
6.5 µm |
|
Integration time per line |
0.752 ms |
|
Forward/aft viewing angle |
+/-20° |
|
Performance |
|
|
Spectral range (panchromatic band) |
0.48 µm – 0.70 µm |
Ground sample distance
|
10 m |
|
Modulation transfer function |
> 0.25 |
|
Signal-to-noise ratio |
> 120 |
SPOT5
The SPOT (Systeme Provatoire d’Observation de la Terre), program, developed in France with the collaboration of Belgium and Sweden.
SPOT5 is the latest of the SPOT series of satellites continuing and complementing the mission assigned to its predecessors in the field of Earth Observation and Mapping. Launched on May 2002 the 3rd, its in-flight commissioning was led in two phases. The qualification phase permitted to hand over the satellite to Spot Image in july 2002 [Bouillon 2002,2003], [Breton 2002]. The second phase included fine tuning of its components and continued until early 2003 allowing to fully take advantage of the geometric improvements brought to SPOT5 compared to its elders :
- star tracker and improved steering mirror on HRG instruments for the localization,
- monolithic CCD array,
- resolution,
- along track stereoscopic instrument HRS.
Observations on the first SPOT 5 images showed imperfections in the CCD array and telescop alignments both on HRG and HRS instruments. An inner orientation of the instruments was therefore considered necessary, especially for
the HRS stereoscopic instrument with an optical distorsion of several pixels. Following is a non exhaustive list of the
outcomes expected from this inner orientation :
- assessed and refined look angle models provided by the satellite constructor ;
- optimized relative orientation between the forward and backward HRS stereoscopic instruments ;
- optimized relative orientation between the panchromatic and multispectral bands within each HRG instrument.
On previous SPOT satellites the geometric performance of the detectors has been assessed with relative methods Valorge 2003] involving simultaneous acquisitions of the same scene with both instruments ; these methods never permitted to obtain an absolute measurement of the viewing direction [Gachet 1999]. The characteristics of SPOT5 instruments together with the objective of inner orientation made it necessary to implement another method based on absolute calibration using airborne images and elevation information from our « super site » in southeastern France. Since March 2003, ancillary data provided in the « METADATA.DIM » file associated with SPOT5 images [Spot Image 2002] include the instruments look angles for each detector with an estimated RMS accuracy of 0.03 pixel.
The SPOT-5 Earth observation satellite was successfully placed into orbit by an Ariane 4 from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou during the night of 3 to 4 May 2002.
The VEGETATION 2 passenger instrument on SPOT-5 also provides continuity of environmental monitoring around the globe, like its predecessor on SPOT-4.
SPOT Image Corporation is composed of four subsidiaries, including an office in Germany and a dense global network of receiving stations, channel partners, and distributors. Satellite Imaging Corporation is an official distributor for SPOT Image Corporation.
Compared to its predecessors, SPOT-5 offers greatly enhanced capabilities, which provide additional cost-effective imaging solutions. Thanks to SPOT-5’s improved 5-metre and 2.5-metre resolution and wide imaging swath, which covers 60 x 60 km or 60 km x 120 km in twin-instrument mode, the SPOT-5 satellite provides an ideal balance between high resolution and wide-area coverage. The coverage offered by SPOT-5 is a key asset for applications such as medium-scale mapping (at 1:25 000 and 1:10 000 locally), urban and rural planning, oil and gas exploration, and natural disaster management. SPOT-5’s other key feature is the unprecedented acquisition capability of the on-board HRS stereo viewing instrument, which can cover vast areas in a single pass. Stereo pair imagery is vital for applications that call for 3D terrain modeling and computer environments, such as flight simulator databases, pipeline corridors, and mobile phone network planning.
For many image requests, a matching image can already be located in the archives of SPOT-5 imagery from around the world. If no image data is available in the archives, new SPOT-5 satellite image data can be acquired through a satellite tasking process. Besides providing image data, Satellite Imaging Corporation also performs many tasks in the background to ensure that we meet customer specifications and time schedules. We:
Source: SPOT Satellite Geometry Handbook
|
Launch Date |
May 3, 2002 |
|
Launch Vehicle |
Ariane 4 |
|
Launch Location |
Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, French Guyana |
|
Orbital Altitude |
822 kilometers |
|
Orbital Inclination |
98.7°, sun-synchronous |
|
Speed |
7.4 Km/second (26,640 Km/hour) |
|
Equator Crossing Time |
10:30 AM (descending node) |
|
Orbit Time |
101.4 minutes |
|
Revisit Time |
2-3 days, depending on latitude |
|
Swath Width |
60 Km x 60 Km to 80 Km at nadir |
|
Metric Accuracy |
< 50m horizontal position accuracy (CE90%) |
|
Digitization |
8 bits |
|
Resolution |
Pan: 2.5m from 2 x 5m scenes
Pan: 5m (nadir) MS: 10m (nadir) SWI: 20m (nadir) |
|
Image Bands |
Pan: 480-710 nm
Green: 500-590 nm Red: 610-680 nm Near IR: 780-890 nm Shortwave IR: 1,580-1,750 nm |
ColorEnhance Wizards
Colordrape wizard
Create several different types of colordrape images, or images that combine color with shaded relief. This wizard gives you fast access to many different combinations and options. Typical input data types includes DEMs, bathymetry, and geophysical data. Create images using Standard, Softened, Wet Look, Shiny Look or Metallic Look colordrape techniques. Select any ER Mapper color table, or various sets of colors for Wet and Shiny looks. Select predefined shade elevations or azimuths, or define your own custom shading. Invert color or shaded image data values if desired, or median filter shaded data to reduce noise. Process a subset of the image area, and specify a wide variety of contrast enhancements. Fine tune all enhancements and options, and immediately see the results.
Color enhancement wizard
Perform several different types of color space enhancements on an RGB image These enhancements are designed to make the image more pleasing to the eye or enhance the overall information content to aid interpretation. Use Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI), Brovey (Chromaticity) Transform, Direct Decorrelation Stretch (DDS), Intensity Convervation DDS, or Hybrid Contrast Stretch enhancement.
Resolution merge wizard
Merge or “fuse” an RGB image with a higher resolution panchromatic image to create a hybrid image with the RGB color and panchromatic spatial resolution. Typical examples are merging Landsat TM 30-meter data with SPOT Panchromatic 10-meter data or SAR imagery. Use Red Green Blue Intensity (RGBI), Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI), Brovey Transform, Smooth Filter Intensity Modulation (SFIM), High Pass Filter (HPF) Additive, or Transparency Merge fusion techniques. RGBI and HSI techniques include histogram matching Pan intensity to RGB intensity, averaging Pan and an infrared band for intensity, and method to convert RGB to Intensity. Process a subset of the image area, and specify a wide variety of contrast enhancements.
SFIM pan sharpening wizard
Use this wizard to pan sharpen a multi-spectral image with a higher resolution panchromatic image. Similar to ‘resolution merge wizard’ but uses different processing logic.
Natural color wizard
Convert typical “false color infrared” images into simulated natural color images, so vegetation appears in green instead of red. Typical data types for this transformation include SPOT XS, Landsat MSS, color infrared (CIR) airphotos, or any data that does not contain a visible blue wavelength band. Use the Simple Weighted Average (WTA) technique to generate natural color, or enhance WTA colors using Direct Decorrelation Stretch (DDS) or Brovey Transform techniques. Generate a vegetation (NDVI) mask to apply the natural color transformation only to vegetated areas, or to modify the transformation effects. Process a subset of the image area, and specify a wide variety of contrast enhancements.
Hope it’s very usefull for you….
Source : ER Mapeer 7.0 User Guide Tutorial
